Spanish Peru: Perú or Oosma Peru (Republic of Peru (is a country in western South America. It is bordered to the north Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil and the southeast Bolivia and southern Chile from the west and overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

The area is home to Peru's Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, followed by the Inca Empire the largest state in America pre-Columbian. Spanish Empire conquered the region in the sixteenth century and declared their subordination to the Spanish crown. After independence in 1821, Peru has seen periods of financial crises and periods of stability and economic prosperity and political unrest.

Peru's representative democratic republic divided into 25 area. Ranging from the country's geographical arid plains at the Pacific coast to the Andes peaks and tropical forests in the Amazon basin. A human development index and elevated temperatures up to the poverty level of 34%. Their main activities include agriculture, fishing and mining industries and economic (textile, for example). .

The Peru's population of 30 million people, almost multiracial. Featuring ethnic mix of Americans, Europeans and Africans, Asians, Indians. The main language used is Spanish despite the fact that a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has led to a wide diversity in fields such as art, cuisine, literature and music.

Etymology

The word Peru is derived from the word (Birú), a local governor name lived near San Miguel Bay in Panama in the early sixteenth century. When Spanish explorers visited the property in 1522 was the far south of the New World then known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro Explore the outermost regions to the south it became known as (Birú) Peru. He added the Spanish crown formalized nomenclature currently in Toledo in 1529 and who launched the Peruvian province name (Peru) on the territory of the Inca Empire. Under Spanish rule that was launched on the country's state of Peru name, which became Republic of Peru after the Peruvian War of Independence

Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic. Under the current Constitution, the President is the leader of state and government. The President is elected for five years and cannot be re-elected immediately after the end of his term. He must step down for a period before his re-election. The president appoints the prime minister and his adviser is appointed by the rest of the members of the Council of Ministers. As for the Peruvian parliament, it consists of one board that includes 120 members elected for a term of 5 years. It can propose laws by the legislative or executive bodies. Such legislation is later passed by Congress and ratified by the President. The judiciary is independent, despite the fact that political interference in judicial affairs is known throughout the history of the country and remains the focus of controversy to this day.

The Peruvian government is elected directly and voting is compulsory for all citizens between the ages of 18-70. Last presidential elections were held in 2011 and ended with the victory of presidential candidate Ollanta Humala Tasso for the Peruvian National Party. One of the most influential Peruvian parties in the political street is Alobra Peruvian Party , the National Party of Peru, the Union for Peru's national unity and the National Forces Alliance.

Peruvian government and the Catholic Church have close ties. Article 50 of the Constitution recognizes the role of the Catholic Church as an important element in the historical, cultural and moral development of the nation. Catholic clergy receive salaries from the state in addition to the dues of the church. This applies to the bishops as well as some priests whose dioceses are located in towns and villages along the border. In addition, all dioceses get monthly subsidies from the government. An agreement was signed with the Vatican in 1980, which granted a special residence for the Catholic Church in Peru.

Economy and Investment

The Republic of Peru is one of the best performing economies in South America. With a population of almost 30,000.00 and its GDP in 2012 amounted to 539.863 million Seoul which is equivalent to $ 204.833 million reflecting an increase of 13% from what it was in 2011, and thus the per capita gross national product does not exceed US $ 6,800. As foreign exports exceed 45.227 million dollars, and its imports amounting to 42.144 million dollars. The inflation rate reached 2.6% at the monthly rate of 0.22%. The total gross public debt ratio in Peru was 19.8% of GDP in 2012 and thus recorded lower than it was in 2011 where it scored 21.1% of the GDP.

Over the past five years, the Republic of Peru has made great strides towards development as it was able to accomplish the following: high growth rates, low inflation and macroeconomic stability, and the reduction of foreign debt and poverty and significant progress in social development indicators. Since the early nineties, the country embarked on a series of reforms in the fiscal situation which yielded trade openness, and flexibility of the exchange rate and financial liberalization and follow up of prudent fiscal policy, including the accumulation of strong reserves. Emphasis was placed on strengthening the financial rationalization in recent years due to rising raw material prices.

Both macroeconomic policies to moderate the external environment of convenience that has enabled the average GDP growth rate for Peru to 6.4% between 2002 and 2012, with this strong economic performance has allowed to increase the per capita income in Peru more than 50% during this decade, after nearly 30 years of stagnation between 1960 and 1990.

The society

The community is formed by nationalities from European descent, notably "Spain, Italy, France and Portugal," and African descent and Asians (such as China and Japan), and Arab origin (Palestine). Most of the foreigners living in Peru are now from China, and then followed by Colombians and Americans, according to a report by the administration supervising immigration and the National Institute of Statistics and Information Systems. The largest flow of migration comes from Chile and Ecuador since 2010. China, Colombia, the United States have the largest number of citizens living in Peru since 1999. The recent annual level of immigration fell, where the record number of immigrants in 2011 was 8530 immigrants while it numbered 7,688 in 2012.

 

Culture and Heritage

Peruvian culture is the culture originating through the practices, rules, standards and ways of life and traditions in Peruvian society. The Peruvian culture is a mixture of ingredients derived from different ethnic groups who lived not far from the territory of Peru, and most important of these groups are indigenous and Creole and Spanish, followed by Afro blocks from Asia and Africa. All this make the diversity of the cultures of Peru and can be divided into three main natural areas, coastal areas, and areas of forests and mountainous areas. That is why the Peruvian cultural diversity is reflected clearly in the Peruvian rich and diverse cuisine offering a large number of dishes, beverages and desserts.

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